Ella josephine baker biography paris

Elkins v. United States U. Elkins Act 32 Stat. Elkind, David. Elkind, Arkadi Daniilovich. Elkin, William Lewis. Elkin, Stephen L. Elkin, Stanley Lawrence. Ella Kini Maillart. Ella, John. Ellard, Gerald. Ellberg, Ernst Henrik. Elleman, Barbara Ellen Craft. Ellen Gleditsch. Ellen Holtz Goodman. Ellen Louks Fairclough. Ellen of Wales d. Ellen S.

Ellen Solomon. Ellen Tracy, Inc. Ellen, Mary Ann — Ellenbecker, Todd S. Ellenberg, Jordan S. Ellenberger, Allan R. Ellenbogen, Wilhelm. Ellenborough, Earl of. Ellenius, Allan —. Ellens, J. She also worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to support civil rights activism on college campuses. Baker died in New York City in She grew up in rural North Carolina.

Baker was close to her grandmother, a former slave. Her grandmother told Baker many stories about her life, including a whipping she had received at the hands of her owner. She was the class valedictorian when she graduated in After she completed her degree, Baker moved north to New York City. While traveling throughout the South on the NAACP's behalf, Baker met hundreds of black people, establishing lasting relationships with them.

She slept in their homes, ate at their tables, spoke in their churches, and earned their trust. She wrote thank-you notes and expressed her gratitude to the people she met. Whereas some northern organizers tended to talk down to rural southerners, Baker's ability to treat everyone with respect helped her in recruiting. She tried to find a balance between voicing her concerns and maintaining a unified front.

Between andBaker directed leadership conferences in several major cities, such as Chicago and Atlanta. She got top officials to deliver lectures, offer welcoming remarks, and conduct workshops. InBaker took in her niece Jackie, whose mother was unable to care for her.

Ella josephine baker biography paris: Josephine Baker was a

She became its president in Baker believed the program should be primarily channeled not through White and the national office, but through the people in the field. She lobbied to reduce the rigid hierarchy, place more power in the hands of capable local leaders, and give local branches greater responsibility and autonomy. In JanuaryBaker went to Atlanta to attend a conference aimed at developing a new regional organization to build on the success of the Montgomery bus boycott in Alabama.

This was planned as a loosely structured coalition of church-based leaders who were engaged in civil rights struggles across the South. They intended to rely on the existing black churches, at the heart of their communities, as a base of its support. Its strength would be built on the political activities of local church affiliates. The SCLC leaders envisioned themselves as the political arm of the black church.

Baker was one of three major organizers of this large-scale event. She demonstrated her ability to straddle organizational lines, ignoring and minimizing rivalries and battles. Reverend John Tilley became the first Executive Director. Baker worked closely with southern civil rights activists in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and gained respect for her organizing abilities.

She helped initiate voter registration campaigns and identify other local grievances. Their strategy included education, sermons in churches, and efforts to establish grassroots centers to stress the importance of the vote. They also planned to rely on the Civil Rights Act of to protect local voters. Baker's job with the SCLC was more frustrating than fruitful.

She was unsettled politically, physically, and emotionally. She had no solid allies in the office. Jackson notes that Baker criticized the organization for "programmatic sluggishness and King 's distance from the people. King was a better orator than democratic crusader[, she] concluded. That same year,on the heels of regional desegregation sit-ins led by black college students, Baker persuaded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to invite southern university students to the Southwide Youth Leadership Conference at Shaw University on Easter weekend.

This was a gathering of sit-in leaders to meet, assess their struggles, and explore the possibilities for future actions. Baker saw the potential for a special type of leadership by the young sit-in leaders, who were not yet prominent in the movement. She believed they could revitalize the Black Freedom Movement and take it in a new direction. Baker wanted to bring the sit-in participants together in a way that would sustain the momentum of their actions, teach them the skills necessary, provide the resources that were needed, and also help them to coalesce into a more militant and democratic force.

In her address at Shaw, she warned the activists to be wary of "leader-centered orientation". Julian Bond later described the speech as "an eye opener" and probably the best of the conference.

Ella josephine baker biography paris: Born: June 3, in St.

It was more open to women than the other prominent Civil Rights organizations, including the SCLC, where Baker witnessed extensive misogynistic teachings and the suppression of women activists. But widespread sexism and appeals to male supremacy pervaded its membership. In Baker persuaded the SNCC to form two wings: one wing for direct action and the second wing for voter registration.

They also expanded their grassroots movement among black sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and others throughout the South. Ella Baker insisted that "strong people don't need strong leaders", and criticized the notion of a single charismatic leader of movements for social change. In keeping the idea of "participatory democracy", Baker wanted each person to get involved.

Through SNCC, Baker's ideas of group-centered leadership and the need for radical democratic social change spread throughout the student movements of the s.

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For instance, the Students for a Democratic Societythe major antiwar group of the day, promoted participatory democracy. These ideas also influenced a wide range of radical and progressive groups that would form in the s and s. The group wanted to challenge the national party to affirm the rights of African Americans to participate in party elections in the South, where they were still largely disenfranchised.

When MFDP delegates challenged the pro-segregationist, all-white official delegation, a major conflict ensued. The MFDP delegation was not seated, but their influence on the Democratic Party later helped to elect many black leaders in Mississippi. They forced a rule change to allow women and minorities to sit as delegates at the Democratic National Convention.

Baker was less involved with SNCC during this period, but her withdrawal was due more to her declining health than to ideological differences. According to her biographer Barbara Ransby, Baker believed that black power was a relief from the "stale and unmoving demands and language of the more mainstream civil rights groups at the time.

Her friend and biographer Joanne Grant wrote that "Baker, who always said that she would never be able to turn the other cheek, turned a blind eye to the prevalence of weapons. While she herself would rely on her fists Its goal was to help black and white people work together for social justice; the interracial desegregation and human rights group was based in the South.

Kennedy 's civil rights proposals, and tried to educate southern whites about the evils of racism. Johnson in andbut implementation took years. Baker believed that socialism, the transitory phase toward communism, was a humane alternative to capitalism. She became a staunch defender of Braden and her husband Carl ; she encouraged SNCC to reject red-baiting as divisive and unfair.

During the s, Baker participated in a speaking tour and co-hosted several meetings on the importance of linking civil rights and civil liberties.

Ella josephine baker biography paris: Josephine Baker (), was an American-born

In Baker returned to New York City, where she continued her activism. She later collaborated with Arthur Kinoy and others to form the Mass Party Organizing Committee, a socialist organization. Baker also supported the Puerto Rican independence movement and spoke out against apartheid in South Africa. Ella Baker was an activist for the civil and human rights of African-Americans, starting from the s.

She was born in Norfolk, Virginia and when she was nine years old, her family moved to her mother's hometown of Littleton, North Carolina. In her childhood, Ella often heard her grandmother's stories about slave rebellions. After graduating, she moved to New York. Inshe was a member of the editorial board of the "American West Indian News" newspaper, and later became an assistant editor for the "Negro National News" newspaper.

Inblack journalist and anarchist George Schuyler founded the "Cooperative League of Colored Youth" and inElla became one of the leaders in the organization after befriending Schuyler.